About 'pacific university location'|...the new and improved location in Mission Hills. Now, in the previous Pacific Beach (PB) location, Dojo Joe was known to simply walk into local establishments...
On The Beach 830 tons of plutonium and uranium contamination from atomic weapons tests were buried beneath Monte Bello Island off the coast of western Australia in the 1950s. Stashed along with it was knowledge that this harmful substance could resurface and poison the native Aborigines, plant and animal life. Today, due to common knowledge of within the nuclear community, anyone with Internet access or a library card can read about it. Otherwise it could be found deep within the allegorical context of Nevil Shute's novel On The Beach. In Stanley Kramer's production of the film adaptation this allegory comes alive in the beautiful black and white work of D.L Fapp and G. Rotunno and an A-list cast. The facets of the allegory reflect a political history from the Atomic Age as well as the mechanistic wedge technology drives between the relationships of men and women. Before analyzing the film adaptation, it should be mentioned that Shute's novel is of classic status upon which the frustrations of a scientist and gifted author rest. His speculative science fiction story is a dystopian world of atomic radiation fallout, which could be closer to a reality uncomfortable for most to recognize. The surviving inhabitants of earth seek refugee on Australia as civilization's drama unfolds its last act. It is mentioned in the Nevil Shute Archives On Line that the author was not fully satisfied with John Paxton's screenplay as some of the themes were misinterpreted. Though Shute's central message still survives in the film as a distress signal to the world about atomic weapons. The actual distress signal from the story is a key point in the origin of blame and the story's pointed finger as a critic of atomic weapons testing. It is important not in who is sending the distress signal, but where it is coming from. The last American survivors, with the help of Australian naval officers and British scientists board the submarine Sawfish to seek out this phantom distress signal. The signal coming by way of telegraph is indecipherable as Morse code, yet it could be the only glimmer of hope on a planet scorched by nuclear war. They trace the signal to an abandon power plant in the Northwestern United States only to find it was a coke bottle stuck on a window shade tapping the transmitter as the wind blew. Here we see why it is not important as to who is sending the signal, but where it is coming from. This is not to say that in the story the United States is to blame for nuclear war, it is quite ambivalent as to who dropped the bomb. In fact the question of who started the war is a philosophical uncertainty the characters are faced with. In historical context the story is using the U.S. as an example as to the dangers of Atomic weapons testing and with the incident of Hiroshima, the location of the distress signal has an added relevance. Further more the signal is coming from an abandoned Power Planet that is captured on screen as a baron industrial wasteland. The bright sun lit architecture, as if scorched, takes on an eerie glow from the metallic pipes and steel buildings. This wasteland is in working order as the power is still running while human life is annihilated and encapsulates a recurring theme of the machine that lives on after human life. The U.S. is not the cause of the Atomic apocalypse in as much as humankind itself is its own worst enemy in the story. As Great Britain, The U.S. and Australia are all in the same boat quite literally, the Sawfish, if anyone is pointing fingers. The technological progress of atomic and industrial power that gets associated to the U.S. and other powerful nations is blamed. This fixation of power is more specifically man's obsession with racing towards technological progress wherein haphazard side effects are his undoing. Headlining the cast is the Character of Dwight Towers (Gregory Peck), commander of the submarine U.S.S. Sawfish. On the surface Towers is the idealized American soldier; loyal to his country, crew and to moral judgment. His façade of order and reliability, though never completely unraveled, is a testament to all that man risks losing in self-absorbed fulfillment of technological ambition. As the figurehead American in the story he represents the military machine still functioning even after disaster just as the Power Plant (transmitting the distress signal) still operates. Towers dual role is as the potential, but unfortunately failing, jingo to reform before it is too late as a man who has lost his family and country. Gregory Peck's naïve, yet admirable American presence charms the Australian native Moira Davidson, a rugged, yet voluptuous Eva Gardner. She also relates a sad condition for women coping as objects of beauty but with ungrateful husbands, as in the scene where naval sailors gawk at her. She is a Twentieth century fox whose last hope for love found in Commander Towers is also his chance to redeem man from his destructive conquests. Towers and Moira offer archetypal characters, but to understand humanities worst failing, the film conveys Julian Osborne, as played by the sagacious Fred Astaire. Deemed as a turning point in Astaire's career towards drama, he achieves a duality encompassed in the role as the film's apathetic scientist and as voice of reason. As the British scientist assigned to the Sawfish to check radiation levels, he harbors a grudge of regret for being one of the scientists who helped build the bombs. He still represents a character that enables the machine to run even after his death as we see in his suicide scene, inhaling the exhaust of his Ferrari. The same Ferrari that we see Julian win a senseless car race with as the shot isolates him alone crossing the finish line, all other cars crashed and burned beside the track. Another key shot of Julian is on the submarine Sawfish that composes him alone in the corner of the frame after admitting envy of another for having loved ones to worry about. That his character is a British scientist has great significance to this portrait of an isolated man who lives for his machine as demonstrated in the allegory. Most of all through Moira, Julian epitomizes what Towers tries to escape as a man. Only in attempt does Towers try to overcome the technological obsessions as seen through Julian, but there is no happy ending to this dystopia. Tower's dreams and victories, such as winning the sailboat race and trout fishing are constantly foiled by Moira, but in a playful nature so that the role of a woman in a man's life becomes an important message of redemption from technocracy. There is also Lt. Peter Holmes (Anthony Perkins) and his wife Mary (Donna Andrews) whose naïve young marriage is the common eyes from which to view this disaster. In essence they are the public blinded to reality while trying to maintain a status quo and refuse to acknowledge their inevitable doom. Their relationship to the situation is established early on in the scene that introduces them. Peter is gazing off confusedly at a calendar, time weighing down his thoughts wondering when the radiation clouds will arrive. As Mary approaches him he blocks her path in the doorway covering her face with his outstretched arm, casting shadows that push her into darkness, after which they embrace in mutual fear and confusion. Here Peter is conflicted between being a soldier, wanting to protect his family and also being just as confused and terrified as the rest. Along with the Admiral Bridie (John Tate) and his secretary Hosgood (Lola Brooks), these aforementioned characters weave a pattern of male to female relationships in the Science Fiction/Disaster genre as archetypes of the common and iconic. A pattern in that the same individual frustrations exist for the idealized relationship or the dysfunctional one when faced with extinction. Many of these relationships are visually accompanied by Dutch Angle Shots. One is used to frame Dwight and Moira as they come to terms with reality after an evening party. The camera tilts back and forth in a Dutch angle as if they are at sea. This connects thematically to another Dutch Angle shot later in the film of Dwight on a lifeboat with his crew as they decide whether to stay await Australia's contamination or return to die in the U.S. It is as if Dwight is trapped at sea trying to decide between love and loyalty when the inevitable if his only fate. There are 4 other Dutch Angle shots (D.A.S.), one of the watchtower from which we first hear the radio broadcast as it welcomes the Sawfish. Here the relationship in turmoil is between nations of industry and embodies author Meaghan Morris's use of the phrase "On The Beach", as a "framework culturally available" for addressing the world, the human condition, public affairs and even an intimate trivial situation; inevitable beached. (Morris) Another D.A.S. of Peter and Mary trap their relationship in turmoil as they deal with the reality of suicide pills to avoid radiation. The D.A.S between Dwight and Julian after the cloud reaches Australia puts man in conflict with himself as they stand over a radiation detection device, their own sickness not enough to warn them. The last D.A.S. frames Bridie and Hosgood as a conflict of man's neglect of a woman's love as they toast a glass of sherry to a "blind, blind world." This aspect of the story's human relationships personalizes the political allegory of the film. Though in historical context gender conflicts may not have a recorded or official role, but considering underlying messages of the film the gender role is integral to man's relationship to the machine. As mentioned, plutonium and uranium contamination from weapons testing was buried off the coast of Australia. This took place during a series of 12 atomic tests done by British scientists between 1952 and 1956. Nevil Shute's novel was published in 1957 and the film was released in 1959. This series of events have obvious parallels of influence, especially in Shute's role in the scientific community and lay the groundwork for the allegory. For one, British scientists conducted the experiments and are paralleled to the character of Julian Osborne, the British scientist in the story. Further more, much critical analysis of the novel claim Osborne to be an alter ego of Nevil Shute, an engineer himself. It is also reported that the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) attempted to supervise much of the atomic tests as far as safety. The same "CSIR" mentioned in the story as the organization that has assigned the character Julian Osborne to the submarine Sawfish. It is interesting to note that in the novel the Osborne character's first name is John, and was changed to Julian in the screenplay. This is perhaps another historical connection to the spy Julius Rosenberg who was executed for sharing American atomic secrets in the famous Rosenberg Trials. Though a name may not be a direct correlation it leads to another layer of the allegory in that historically, though Britain and the U.S. were World War II allies, they did not share atomic secrets (Cavendish). In was in essence a race between all nations as to who could develop the bomb first. This atomic race is metaphorically prevalent in Dwight Towers sailboat race and in Julian Osborne's car race as they both speed off into atomic destruction. Though these men, symbolic of their nations of origin, are indeed working together to save humankind, they still take time out to feed their egos with a race. Historically Britain's reason for atomic testing in Australia was to avoid complete dependence on the U.S. for atomic power and here is where Australia's position is represented in the story. During World War II Australia was a refuge for Allied forces as a base in the Pacific and also during the Korean War for the United Nations. They have continued to be an important geographically in military strategy, but never a nation of power itself. We see this paralleled in Lt. Holmes' character, who of British origin, non native planted in Australia, stands dependent on Julian the British scientist and Towers the American commander. The information about the British Atomic Tests was kept quiet and underwent internal conflict in regard to safety measures. These reports are explored in detail now thanks to a local Australian paper, Adelaide News', article appearing twenty years after their first report of the tests (Varney). Apparently the harmful effects of the test were common knowledge within the atomic community and caused critics of Atomic testing much anguish in getting these concerns publicized. The tests caused widespread radioactive fallout with measured levels of 900 times background radiation. This entire conflict was captured in one moment of a scene in the film where Julian has an outburst at a party about the doomed fate of the world and cites this same radiation statistic. Another direct connection the city of Adelaide has with a scene from the film has to do with livestock affected by the radiation. Several of the cattle were tested and iodine-131 levels, a product of radiation, were found in their thyroid glands. This particular instance is given a moment in the film as Julian speeds through Moira's farm in his Ferrari. As the roaring engine approaches the cattle in the foreground, the rancher contests with Julian to not scare all the animals. Moira comes into frame with Towers from screen right and confirms this same statement as Julian becomes quite defensive. Here also is Julian's racecar embodying man's relationship with machine as winning a race to his own destruction. There is also the issue of information being withheld and buried from public awareness. This is visualized in subtle ways through the film in scenes where imagery analogizes information rising to the surface. As in the submarine rising to the surface for information, the distress signal scout ascending ladders and stairs for information, and a scene of Dwight of Holmes moving up out of the darkness on an elevator discussing a lack of information. If deeply interpreted, these connections can be said to be the story's distress signal about Atomic weapons, but also political allegory of Britain and the United States' land use in Australia. Though not a film usually associated to the flying saucer atomic films of the 1950's, it is in full Susan Sontag's definition of the Science Fiction genre as the "imagination of disaster." (Sontag) Works Cited: Cavendish………………………………..........................Richard Cavendish First British Atomic Bomb Test Article in History Today 10/2/02 Morris……………………………………………………..Meaghan Morris Cultural Studies Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Inc. 1992 Varney……………………………………………………..Robert W. Varney University of Adelaide/University of New England http://www.country-liberal-party.com/pages/ Bob_Varney_Thesis-ch1-2-3.htm#one Sontag……………………………………………………..J.P.Telotte Science Fiction Film Cambridge University Press, 2001 Further Resources/Web links: http://delarue.net/beach.htm http://www.nevilshute.org/Reviews/gardner.php http://www.film.queensu.ca/Critical/Lawrie3.html http://www.emptyworld.info/film_on_the_beach.html |
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